Effects of Technology on People Essay -- Technology Essays

Does innovation influence individuals or do individuals influence innovation? Innovation influences each part of our lives, we as a whole use it consistently with little idea. Individuals underestimate it, here and there thinking minimal about what brought that innovation into reality. Simultaneously more established ages make some hard memories receiving the new advancements and keep on preferring innovation they are acclimated. The possibility of innovation is as old as mankind. To get innovation; first we need a typical definition. Innovation is whatever makes an undertaking simpler for a person or thing. There are a wide range of specialists that endeavor to respond to this inquiry. Statements, diaries, and different sources loan themselves to the subject of innovative development as an endeavor to respond to this unavoidable issue. There are eight sources that I feel do the best employment of responding to the inquiry. Sources contend that innovation is just affected by us, others propose that innovation influences us. Shockingly none of my sources recommend that it works the two different ways. My first antiquity is a school proposition by Jane R. Thiebaud named â€Å"The Effects of Technology on People†. This proposal plainly subtleties how innovation influences all parts of our lives. Running from social cooperations to clinical applications. Thiebaud accepts that innovation has sped life up, made it outlandish for us to stay aware of others, and essentially pushed us head first onto the hamster wheel of advancement. The quick development of innovation has blinded us and that society has made its own ruin. Online collaborations expel certain eye to eye social perspectives like non-verbal communication, which now and again make it harder to comprehend the importance of what has been said (Thiebaud). Innovation has diminished our utilization of ... ...Innovation and Human Interaction (2011): 13. Online Archive. 10 May 2014. . Sood, Ashish and Gerard J. Tellis. Mechanical Evolution and Radical. Journal of Marketing 69 (2005): 152-168. Online Archive. 11 May 2014. . Thiebaud, Jane R. Impacts of Technology on People: Living F2F Conversation and Social Interaction. Association, Media Ecology. Procedures of the Media Ecology Association. Vol. 11. 2010. 117-127. Online Archive. 10 May 2014. . Whipps, Heather. How Gunpowder Changed the World. 6 April 2008. On the web. 10 May 2014. . Impacts of Technology on People Essay - Technology Essays Does innovation influence individuals or do individuals influence innovation? Innovation influences each part of our lives, we as a whole use it consistently with little idea. Individuals underestimate it, here and there thinking minimal about what brought that innovation into reality. Simultaneously more established ages make some hard memories receiving the new innovations and keep on preferring innovation they are acclimated. The possibility of innovation is as old as mankind. To get innovation; first we need a typical definition. Innovation is whatever makes an assignment simpler for a person or thing. There are a wide range of specialists that endeavor to respond to this inquiry. Statements, diaries, and different sources loan themselves to the subject of mechanical development as an endeavor to respond to this unavoidable issue. There are eight sources that I feel do the best occupation of responding to the inquiry. Sources contend that innovation is just affected by us, others recommend that innovation influences us. Shockingly none of my sources recommend that it works the two different ways. My first relic is a school theory by Jane R. Thiebaud named â€Å"The Effects of Technology on People†. This proposal plainly subtleties how innovation influences all parts of our lives. Extending from social associations to clinical applications. Thiebaud accepts that innovation has sped life up, made it outlandish for us to stay aware of others, and essentially pushed us head first onto the hamster wheel of development. The quick development of innovation has blinded us and that society has made its own defeat. Online communications expel certain up close and personal social perspectives like non-verbal communication, which here and there make it harder to comprehend the significance of what has been said (Thiebaud). Innovation has diminished our utilization of ... ...Innovation and Human Interaction (2011): 13. Online Archive. 10 May 2014. . Sood, Ashish and Gerard J. Tellis. Innovative Evolution and Radical. Journal of Marketing 69 (2005): 152-168. Online Archive. 11 May 2014. . Thiebaud, Jane R. Impacts of Technology on People: Living F2F Conversation and Social Interaction. Association, Media Ecology. Procedures of the Media Ecology Association. Vol. 11. 2010. 117-127. Online Archive. 10 May 2014. . Whipps, Heather. How Gunpowder Changed the World. 6 April 2008. On the web. 10 May 2014. .

Premature Specialization in Medicine

A clinical specialist in today†s world is instructed and prepared in a conventional way that tries to protect the prosperity of their patients. Rehearsing medication requires a solid science foundation and thorough preparing; it is in light of a legitimate concern for customers and clinical sheets over the world to guarantee this. Accordingly, instruction in the science field is critical, even at the undergrad level. Being a specialist isn't only an occupation, nor is it exclusively a profession. The clinical calling is immersed with hazard, for both the patient just as the specialist. Specialists need early specialization in their training so as to gain the abilities important to deal with fragile circumstances that happen consistently. Misbehavior must reach a conclusion. The training that a specialist gets is a device that the individual in question will utilize as long as they can remember, (not at all like an individual who studied something as opposed to what their field of work is). A doctor†s experience is an imperative instrument. Clinical aptitude is an interest for certain rehearsing strategies and ought to be paid attention to. Realizing the legitimate framework requires a specialist to have a decent measure of experience can facilitate the worries of family and friends and family, and furthermore offers certainty to a specialist that the individual in question can do their work accurately. With the end goal for specialists to get the best understanding and instruction required, preparing must happen right off the bat in training. A plenitude of science courses in school is a decent begin to get ready for clinical school. Despite the fact that clinical schools may cover the material that is offered in undergrad science and science courses, rehash presentation to the material must be gainful to the understudy. The more experience that an understudy has in science and related subjects eventually helps the future specialist over the long haul. To guarantee the degree of development of a specialist, it is important to instruct them on a wide level. As indicated by Thomas, English, History, the writing of in any event two unknown dialects, and reasoning should draw close to the highest priority on the rundown, just beneath Classics, as essential necessities, and candidates for clinical school ought to be informed that their evaluations in these courses will more than anything. (Thomas 115) Teaching premed understudies in these courses is significant, yet science is the most huge part in an undergrad program. It requires thought and practice just as research, which are for the most part essential keys to being a specialist. On the off chance that a MD were confirmed with minimal measure of experience permitted in the science field as could reasonably be expected, misbehavior could be normal. Then again realizing two unknown dialects isn't essential to ones life. Truth be told, if a patient communicates in another dialect interpreters can be gotten to fit certain requirements. Specialists that emphasis on science and wellbeing are accomplishing what the calling requires. Understanding science to its full limit should be the objective for premeds and clinical understudies. To guarantee the well toll of a patient, over accomplishment of science courses is fundamental. Taking a gander at the clinical instructive arrangement that is available in today†s Universities, premed understudies take a stab at science and set forth the push to make these classes their main need. As per Thomas, † If there are any courses in the humanities that can be taken without hazard to class standing they will arrange for these, however they won't get in to anything extreme aside from science.† (Thomas 114) Comprehending science can be hard and invigorating, understudies should scatter these courses while keeping up a degree of comprehension of different fields, yet it is not kidding to make center around science. Any understudy in the undergrad level keeping up a passing mark point normal while taking 300, and 400 level science classes is destined for progress. The hazard factor for a specialist rehearsing medication that has altogether been taught and has finished all important science classes, regardless of whether it be untimely specialization or courses in clinical school, will at last be a sheltered specialist and will make an increasingly secure climate in the field.

Cash for Organs

Sheila Rivers ENG 101/MWF Oct. 29, 2012 Mr. Viquesney Cash for Organs Charity ought to be the main reason for organ gift. Then again, money remuneration for giving organs ought to be a choice and legitimized. With the mind-boggling requirement for organs and insufficient benefactors in the United States, an open, managed, and legitimate money for-organs advertise is expected to adjust the need and deficiency of organs. There will consistently be a requirement for organ donations.According to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), as of October 2012 there are 116,421 men, ladies, and kids on the organ transplant shortlist to get hearts, livers, kidneys, and other human organs. With an aggregate of just 8,280 benefactors alive and expired so far this year, the requirement for gave organs far surpasses the gift of organs. This requirement for gave organs leaves a huge hole in transplants and subsequently patients hold up months, even a very long time on the sitting tight rundown f or gave organs. Like clockwork another name is added to the national organ transplant holding up list.By the time patients jump on the holding up list they have been assessed by a transplant specialist and is in end stage organ disappointment. As indicated by (organdonor. gov) at the present time, there are all that could possibly be needed individuals trusting that an organ will fill a football arena twice finished. Overall, 18 individuals kick the bucket each day hanging tight for a transplant that never occurs as an immediate aftereffect of the absence of organ gifts. Patients that can bear the cost of it will make a trip to different nations to buy organs on the underground market to spare their life. The National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) went in 1984, made the purchasing and selling of human organs in the United States illegal.Over very numerous individuals pass on every year hanging tight for a gave organ that isn't accessible to spare their life. The choice to sell an orga n ought to be exclusively surrendered over to the person who needs to do as such, as long as the methodology and all the dangers that are included are completely comprehended. On the off chance that somebody chooses to sell and organ to who ever they need, for a passing pay they ought to reserve the option to do as such. It won't just spare the life of the beneficiary, yet in addition monetarily remunerate the contributor consequently. After all it is their body and the administration ought not reserve the option to tell individuals that selling an organ for pay is illegal.With such a significant number of individuals biting the dust and hanging tight for an actual existence sparing organ transplant, this would diminish the passings and sit tight time for an organ. In 1988 Iran got one of the main Nations to allow and control installment and different motivators for living giver transplants. Subsequently, the quantity of renal transplants performed significantly expanded with the en d goal that in 1999, the renal transplant shortlist was totally wiped out. As of now, Iran has no renal transplant holding up list. With results, for example, this, demonstrates money for human organs can possibly kill the transplant shortlist in the United States.A number of transplant specialists have been persuaded tat giving budgetary motivating forces to organ sources, as an option in contrast to selfless organ gift needs cautious reevaluation. By allowing an open, managed, and legitimate money for-organs advertise this could spare the lives of the individuals who endure and bite the dust day by day as a result of kidney disappointment while hanging tight for a gave kidney. The chief of Kidney Health Australia said â€Å"if it was painstakingly managed such that kept away from any potential maltreatment and was sorted out by the legislature or some different procedure that was important, a pilot would be beneficial doing† [Mathew].If there were a remuneration for organ g ifts, more individuals would be intrigued and ready to become organ benefactors. The kidney is the main organ an individual can sell or give and securely keep on living without. Despite the fact that we are brought into the world with two kidneys an individual can carry on with a full and ordinary existence with only one, notwithstanding living similarly up to an individual with two. On account of a kidney, an affection benefactor is equipped for living effectively after a transplant medical procedure, in light of the fact that throughout the years medical procedures have become more secure and less obtrusive for the giver with less down time.According to the vault information from UNOS, look into has indicated that a kidney from a live contributor is the best choice for long haul transplantation. Throughout the years the quantity of living contributors have consistently diminished while the perished benefactors have expanded, despite the fact that the expansion in insufficient to b alance the abatement. NOTA was likewise made to address the basic organ gift lack and improve the organ coordinating and situation process. As stated, â€Å"Due to the high achievement pace of organ transplants throughout the years it has made getting an organ more difficult.Improved endurance rates and the desire that organ substitution will improve personal satisfaction have empowered more specialists and their patients with organ inability to pick transplantation† [Klein]. The early organ transplants performed routinely had a high death rate; the significant issue was the patients’ resistant framework dismissed the outside organ. During the time with the presentation of medication has helped bring down the death rate because of the dismissal of the remote organ and organ transplants have become progressively normal and less experimental.To their astonishment, contributors don't comprehend or realize what number of lives are spared or can be spared essentially by giv ing organs. There are no age necessities to being an organ contributor. The truth of the matter is everybody can be an organ giver; anyone younger than eighteen must have a parental assent. The way toward persuading people to be an organ giver is testing, and a portion of these difficulties are an absence of information, dread of sudden passing, and the absence of trust of the clinical calling. A great many people don't have the foggiest idea what the procedure of organ gift is and how it attempts to spare lives.People feel that if the specialist knew they where an organ benefactor he/she would not invest as much energy into sparing their life along these lines. In the event that individuals had a superior understanding and more information about the procedure of organ gift more individuals would give organs to help spare lives. Noble cause ought not be the main choice for organ gift. At the point when noble cause is the main alternative the benefactor don't reserve the privilege to give their organ to who they wish. With such huge numbers of individuals on the shortlist for an organ transplant and approach to scarcely any benefactors there should be another approach to pull in donors.The money for organ program that has indicated an accomplishment in different nations ought to be taken a gander at on a progressively genuine note. Because of the lack cut off deficiency of gave organs that has prompted unnecessary demise of such a significant number of individuals, the money for organs is by all accounts a genuine method to spare lives. Until current medication can totally develop completely create human organs there will consistently be a requirement for human organs and the quickest method to get organs for transplant is to offer monetaury compensation.The pay for human organs will open up a business opportunity for willing contributors. Catalog optn. transplant. hrsa. gov unos. organization Klein, Andrew S. , MD, chief of Cedar’s-Sinai Medical Center Declining Organ Donations, Causes Widening Need Gap, Life Science, 22 March 2010 Ahad, Ghods J. , Dr. ‘Iranian Model of Paid and Regulated Living-Unrelated Kidney Donation. † Cjasn. asnjournals. organization N. p. , n. d. Page 1 www. unos. organization Page 2 www. optn. transplant. hrsa. gov Page 2 Andrew S. Klein, MD, chief of Cedar’s-Sinai Medical Center

Manchester City - Management Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Manchester City - Management Success - Essay Example As a player, Mancini lifted four Italian Cups, the Serie A (1991 and 2000), the Cup Winners' Cup (1990 and 1999), the Italian Supercup, and the UEFA Supercup and was casted a ballot the Serie A Player of the Year and Italian Footballer of the Year in 1997. These accomplishments unmistakably show his ability and capacities. Be that as it may, it was the strangely gigantic forces that he used as a key player at Sampdoria that showed early that he would get the opportunity to be a superb administrator. Here Mancini, a multi year old, regularly conveyed the group talk, sat on the meeting board for choosing the following chief and was additionally counseled while choosing the teams’ new unit. Notwithstanding that, he was welcome to executive gatherings and had a state in which players where to be purchased by his club during the exchange showcase (Taylor 2012). This early raid into group the board jobs gave him a head start just as helped him assemble the aptitudes expected to pr evail as a football club director. Working with top clubs requires a chief who can deal with the weight from the board, fans, writers and even administrators from the rival groups. Kuper (n.d.) contends that one demonstrated characteristic of fruitful directors is their capacity to, somehow or another for instance by means of the media (Jackson 2012), bring down the strain that players feel in each match so they can be loosened up enough to appreciate the game. His contention was that fruitful groups are those whose players appreciate the game (Kuper n.d.). The way that Mancini played at the most elevated level in football offers affirmation to his players that he completely comprehends what they are experiencing. Another significant quality of Mancini is his capacity to work with as well as draw out the best from his problematic players, for example, Carlos Tevez and Mario Balotelli at Manchester City (Walker 2012). Here it is ideal to recall that as a player, Mancini was a dditionally not the most straightforward to work with. Taylor (2012) contends this could have been on the grounds that he was so shocked by disappointment and edgy to the point of having a fixation for winning. Like Mario Balotelli, Mancini was as able as he was hot tempered in his playing days. This could be the motivation behind why he can work with the capable yet troublesome soccer players who join the groups that he is training. At last, we accept that the best motivation behind why Robert Mancini was chosen to oversee Manchester City is his reputation as a mentor. He has brought cup greatness for all the clubs where he has trained in particular: Fiorentina, Lazio and Inter Milan. Truth be told, with Lazio and Fiorentina, Mancini figured out how to make winning groups despite the money related imperatives that constrained him to lose a few key players. At Fiorentina he lost Rui Costa and Francesco Toldo at their prime while at Lazio he needed to work without the administratio ns of Hernan Crespo and Alessandro Nesta. All things considered, it was at Internazionale where he demonstrated fit for taking care of the weight that accompany dealing with a top club. At the point when the Abu Dhabi United Group bought Manchester City in 2008 there motivation was to raise the club to the status of the other top clubs in Europe. Their methodology was first to draw in top ability utilizing their gigantic riches, at that point a top mentor lastly win the large trophies locally and abroad. Mancini was an appealing choice on the grounds that at Fiorentina and Lazio he had shown his group building aptitudes and at Internazionale he demonstrated that he could similarly function admirably with an elegant group. Besides the proprietors must

What Are The Most Important Issues Discussed In The EU-Russia Dialogue

As you would like to think, what are the most significant issues examined in the EU-Russia discourse, and why? By what means can the issues in the relations be illuminated? Specialists accept that today Brussels and Moscow experience most exceedingly awful occasions throughout the entire existence of reciprocal relations. From one perspective, the two sides are keen on coordinated effort, improvement of joint undertakings and fortifying of benevolent ties. Yet, then again it’s extremely difficult to go to a commonly pleasant arrangement, in view of stressed relations among Russia and individual EU part states and reluctance to hear each out other. The most hostile issues for the two sides without are:visa game plans; infringement of human rights; financial and vitality cooperation.Discussions about first issue keep going long and one can’t state when they will arrive at the end. EU worries about it are reasonable, in light of the fact that on account of sans visa system a ton of outsiders from previous USSR will charm Europe. Furthermore, them, yet in addition crooks will come there. As to second issue, there is opposing perspective. From one perspective, Russia is autonomous state with own laws and rules and no one can intercede in its affairs.But additionally we shouldn’t overlook that Russia marked loads of shows and bargains, committed to various parts of human rights, and it needs to follow them. The last one is significant for the two sides. Measurements state that the greater part of Russian remote exchange accumulates to European Union. Simultaneously Russia is the accomplice number three for EU economy. What's more, the issue of vitality supplies is as yet real. Solutions:To come clean, issues among EU and Russia can’t be understood in one second. It will require some investment, vitality, heaps of shared understandings before they will have the option to settle their concern. Additionally from my perspective, the two sides ought to disregard vanity and attempt to comprehend that now when entire world is globalized and reliant the most valuable aptitude for all states is to make concessions.

The Overview of Childhood Obesity - Free Essay Example

Obesity is a current health epidemic that has dreadful consequences for Americas health, particularly among low-income children and adolescents. The rising rate of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now one of the most grave public health challenges facing the US. However, underlying causes for this increase are unclear. This literature studies several of the factors that place low-income children at risk for developing obesity; psychological, environmental, and biological. This investigation will show that none of these particular factors operate in isolation but are torturously intertwined, as suggested the Biopsychosocial model of Disease provided by Psychology. The findings indicated that participants weight was most influenced by family lifestyle and school environment factors. More proper education and prevention methods are essential in creating a safer healthcare system that provides maximal quality of life. The Overview of Childhood Obesity Obesity is a critical health problem that is increasing worldwide, and in the United States in particular. In the US, the percentage of children and teens affected by obesity has more than tripled since 1970s ( Irimia R, Gottschling M 2016). According to a survey conducted and published in JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, seven states have self-reported obesity rates surpassing 35%, according to new data from the CDC, up from the comparison in 2012 in which all states were lower than 35% (Bridget Kuehn, MSJ, 2018). Excess weight is not just a matter of physical appearance. The concerns about the increasing prevalence of obesity are founded in the association between obesity and adverse health outcomes and increased health expenditures. Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of numerous comorbidities, including high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, osteoarthritis, asthma, and gallbladder disease. An alarming fact of this epidemic is that children are increasingly becoming obese. Data collected from the CDC during the years 2015-2016 show that nearly 1 in 5 school age children and young people (6 to 19 years) in the United States has obesity ( Irimia R, Gottschling M 2016). Adolescents who are Black or Hispanic or live in poverty are at almost twice the risk for being overweight as non-Hispanic white youth. These children will become more susceptible to a poorer quality of life plagued by various illnesses, low energy and eventually low esteem. There is a magnitude of factors that lead children to overeat, make innutritious diet choices, and not exercise consistently. Of great concern is that children who are overweight or obese are also more likely to be overweight or obese as adults (Freedman Et Al., 2005; Wang, 2008). Psychology, as a science of human behavior, offers a powerful perspective on the interwoven nature of these factors and can point the way towards the development of successful interventions to halt the march of this epidemic. However, this research has largely ignored the role of rising income. Studies that have examined the role of income on obesity within the United States have been unable to account for the potential endogeneity and reverse causality between income and weight and obesity prevalence. Social and Enviromental Factors With the numerous medical concerns obesity causes, childhood obesity affects childrens social and emotional health. Obese adolescents are often bullied and/or teased because they are overweight. They face being exiled from activities, particularly sports. These negative social issues lead to low self esteem, low self confidence within themselves (Sahoo, K., Sahoo, B., 2015). The negative issues of childhood obesity presented can be life altering to children. The consequences of being an obese child tend to contribute to difficulty in weight management. Obese children shy away the public eye to protect themselves from negative comments and unwanted attention; retreating to safe places, such as their homes (Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., 2015). The social factors intertwined with being apart of a low income family, the pressure on the child surmounts anything one could imagine. Low income families are faced with various obstacles that prevent them from obtaining a healthy lifestyle regimen, thus socioeconomic status tends to play a significant role in the obesity epidemic (Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., 2015). Environmental factors that include; low-income, lack of access to healthy food choices, and lack of resources within the confines of the community can definitely contribute to obesity. Approximately 23.5 million people within the United State live what the United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) labels a food desert; an urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality fresh food (United States Department of Agriculture, 2009). Within these low-income communities, the only places residents are able to buy food are fast-food restaurants and gas stations that offer sugary, fatty, and processed products according to the Food Research and Action Center (FRAC). These restaurants serve many energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods at relatively low prices. Fast food consumption is associated with a diet high in calories and low in nutrients, and frequent consumption may lead to weight gain (Powell Nguyen, 2013). According to researchers at the Rudd Center suggest that despite the addition of some healthy kids meal options, less than 1% of all kids meal combinations 33 out of 5,427 possible meals met recommended nutrition standards (Yale, Rudd Center 2013). These hyperpalatable foods served at Burger King, and or McDonalds, for instance, are much higher in fats, sugar and sodium than healthier foods choice (i.e. vegetables and fruits). In addition to the lack of access to healthy food options, parents within these communities work long hours outside of the household. Which leaves the parent(s) not having the adequate time to prepare healthy meals at home, making it harder to set up a routine of eating quality food. A childs environment and mind is also flooded with the presence of media. Typically children spend 44.5 hours a week in front of electronic screens. Watching television has been directly linked to obesity in childhood, with a rate of obesity that is 8.3-times greater in children who watch more than 5 hours of television per day compared with those who watch up to 2 hours of television per day (Proctor MH et al. (2003). Adolescents aged 9-14 spend over 20 percent of waking hours watching television, compared to 9 percent on hobbies and 3.5 percent on homework. The average American teen spends about 20 hours a week watching television, with the heaviest viewers coming from low-income households (Irimia R, Gottschling M 2016). Electronic use time amounts to nine hours a day for children of minorities, more than the six hours a day watched by Caucasian children. Not only are adolescents moving less when they watch television, but they are also more exposed to the medias message. Low-income children are exposed to disproportionately more marketing and advertising for obesity-promoted products that encourage the consumption of unhealthful foods (fast food, sugar infested beverages) and discourage physical activity (television shows, video games) according to a report issued by the Institute of Medicine (2013). Approximately 0% of the commercials broadcast on childrens networks are for fruit or vegetables, while about 34% of the commercials are for candy and snacks. Such advertising has a particularly strong influence on the preferences, diets, and of children, who are the targets of these marketing efforts (Institute of Medicine, 2013). Media outlets are not the only culprits; children exposed to marketing by advertising on billboards, on buses, and at school in vending machines. The marketing is very exploitative, for adolescents under the age of 10 do not comprehend the sole intent behind these ads. Simply viewing a commercial once can create a preference for a child, impacting what the child will begin to ask their parents to buy (Harris, Bargh, Brownell, 2009). Psychological Risk Factors Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions is diagnosed when attitudes or behaviors have a negative effect on a medical disorder that the person has. Peoples attitudes or behavior can negatively affect any disorder (such as obesity, heart disease and or diabetes). An enormous number of studies have revealed that the initial food environment of obese children differs distinctly from other children. Adolescents who are obese frequently eat a bigger portion of food and the quality of food is often high in calories. These individuals often have raised food portion sizes, increased calorie intake and eat less fruits and vegetables from an early age compared to normal weight children of the same age (Bammann, K., 2014). Obese children tend to have less hours of physical activity and spend more time using electronics. This inactive lifestyle combined with high caloric intake contributes to obesity. It is well documented that a large number of children with pediatric obesity have parents and or family who are obese as well. Parents who are obese contribute to specific food environments, that are created at a young age. The underlying basis of obesity and eating disorders tend to lie in some grouping of psychosocial, environmental, and genetic attributes. Individuals who suffer from mental disorder (e.g. eating disorder, depression, and anxiety) may have more trouble controlling their food intake, obtaining the adequate amount of exercise and maintaining a healthy weight. Those who suffer from obesity, tend to use food as a coping mechanism, particularly when they are stressed, feeling isolated, sad and or anxious. Many of these individuals there seems to be a perpetual cycle of mood swings, gluttony and weight gain. When in a mood of distress, these individuals turn to food to cope, and to comfort them which may result in temporary attenuation of their current mood. The weight gain that results may cause a dysphoric mood due to their inability to control their stress. The guilt they accumulate tends to reactivate the cycle, leading to a ongoing pattern of using food to cope with their emotions. Mental factors also play a real role in increasing the risk for childhood obesity by influencing dietary choices. Due to the fact children are very dependent on their parents for providing food, their parents choices largely determine their diets. The development of childrens food preferences involves a complex interplay of genetic, familial, and psychological factors. There is evidence of a strong genetic influence on appetite traits in children, but environment plays an important role in modeling childrens eating behaviors. Parents use a variety of strategies to influence childrens eating habits, some of which are counterproductive. Overcontrol, restriction, pressure to eat, and a promise of rewards have negative effects on childrens food acceptance. Parents food preferences and eating behaviors give an opportunity to model good eating habits. Satiety is closely related to diet composition, and foods with low energy density contribute to prevent overeating. Parents should be informed about the consequences of an unhealthy diet and lifestyle and motivated to change their nutritional habits (Scaglioni, S., De Cosmi, V., 2018). Biological Risk Factors Biological factors, such as exercise activity and sleep amount, also play a significant role in maintaining health. Physical activity controls weight by stimulating the metabolic, endocrine, and hormone processes of the body. Regrettably, adolescents have become increasingly lazy over recent years. Children who live in low-income neighborhoods have even fewer opportunities to safely exercise partly due to the fewer parks, green spaces, bike paths, and recreational facilities than are found in high-income communities, making it problematic to live a physically active lifestyle (FRAC, 2013). Due to high crime rate, and other safety concerns, children and adults, alike, are more likely to stay indoors and engage in inactive activities, such as watching television or playing video games. This lack of physical activity is established by the fact that less than 20% of ethnic minority adolescents participate in youth sports (Wijtzes, A. I., Jansen, W., 2014). Along with parents who do not participate in any physical activity themselves, adolescents arent given many examples of what being active looks like. Another biological risk factor for obesity is the quality and measure of ones sleep. Research has shown that interrupted sleep interferes with the bodys ability to effectively process fats and calories by altering hormone production (Myers, D. 2011). When a person is suffering from sleep deprivation, there is an increase in ghrelin in the intestines, which creates an appetite and creates the hunger feeling. Also, proteins, and leptin, which creates a feeling of being full, decreases; and, the stress-related hormone, cortisol, which leads to fat storage, increases. A person who does not sleep well will obviously feel tired and have less energy to exercise and carry out their daily routine. Conclusion This study was conducted to gain an understanding of how social-environmental, psychological and biological factors including family lifestyle, culture, neighborhood environment, and social environment that were present during participants childhood, impact obesity. The tangled nature of the risk factors for childhood obesity may seem impossible to overcome and leave doctors, researchers, and policy makers feeling hopeless about putting a halt to this epidemic. However, the biopsychosocial model of disease used by psychologists demonstrates that it is within this very interplay of biological, environmental and psychological factors that we can find optimism. The biopsychosocial model advocates that by creating even a slight change in a childs behavior, a well-designed intervention program has the potential to decrease obesity by creating a ripple effect that will be felt within the system. As a captive audience, children ages eight through twelve years experience the most exposure to these ads that infiltrate their minds with negative notions for healthy eating, exercising and caring about your health. It is perfect the age(s) to approach adolescents with new and convincing ideas that allow for the beginning of new, empowering thoughts about developing a healthy body. Numerous of American children have become fixed on a malicious biological, psychological/mental, and social cycle that is directing them towards a sustained future suffering from obesity. Yet, psychology permits us to recognize that due to the linked nature of the factors causing obesity, this cycle also has a solution.

Business Propasal Essay - 550 Words

Business Propasal (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Tutor:Course:Date: Business proposalIntroduction The main goal of a business idea is to provide goods and services that are useful and cost efficient. An idea can be developed based on the main objective of making price under the gravity of demand. Therefore, the thesis is a business proposal of several ideas that are useful, cost efficient and creates demand.Organic baked cake Eating a health organic cake might have a significant impact on a persons attitude and wellbeing especially if the cake has natural ingredients. Therefore, an organic cake is a baked cake that targets and cater for customers with special needs such as sugar-free diets, gluten-free and vegan. Production of the organic baked cake require local raw materials from local farmers. Its a mixture of vegetables, fruits and flour. For 5kg supply of the baked cake cost $200 to produce while packaging costs $50. The price of the baked cake is $60 per kg.Liquid detergent Liquid detergent has less chemi cal content than powder detergent, therefore, safer for hand washing. Generally, the liquid is friendlier to the environment. The idea may have a wide market segment as it target poor households, restaurant and hotels. The main objective is to introduce quality and affordable liquid detergent served to confine low income households. The product might cost approximately $20,000 to develop, produce and distribute.E-commerce 80% the people of Canada have embraced technology making online transaction a useful way of selling products. The process of e-commerce entails buying and selling of goods and service through an online platform such as a website or even a software application. The idea of e-commerce eliminate time wastage and transport charges from the customer. Shopping online has increased hence providing a ready market depending on the product being sold. The idea may cost $2000 for opening a website and $200 for maintain and updating the platform.Calligraphy services The busin ess idea entails turning of talents into profitable businesses. Calligraphy services is a multipurpose idea and target different kind of customers. It entails recruitment of artistic talents to provide two main services; teaching people about calligraphy and decorating restaurants menus, clothes, business cards, event invitation and so on. The business idea can be operated at home or renting hence it might cost approximately $2,000 including a recruit of 3 to 5 artists.Community tour guideCanada is an area that tourist visits id ...

Swans Reflecting Elephants Free Essay Example, 750 words

Swans Reflecting Elephants Salvador Dali is one of the most well-known s not only in the Surrealism movement, but in the general world of art. Even after his death, his artistic influence and his astounding paintings continue to be recognized, discussed, and used as examples of what it means to be a surrealist artist. Swans Reflecting Elephants, one of Dali’s most intriguing paintings, is not only representational of Surrealism, but is an epitome of who Dali was as an artist. In this piece, Dali utilized the technique that he coined the paranoid-critical method, as well as introduced the concept of double images. It is the strain on the mind that is required to make sense of this piece that makes it, and Dali, truly surreal. Salvador Dali was a Spanish Surrealist painter who was born on May 11, 1904 in Figueres, Catalonia. Dali honed his artistic talent from a very young age, having been encouraged by his mother. Dali attended drawing school and his charcoal pieces were the first to be displayed to the public. When he was eighteen years old, Dali studied at the Academia de San Fernando, during which he through himself into painting; his unique interpretation of Cubism made him popular among his peers. We will write a custom essay sample on Swans Reflecting Elephants or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now As Dali got older, he experimented more with Surrealism until he had created a style that was uniquely his own. He painted his most famous work, The Persistence of Memory, when he was twenty-seven years old, and his works that came after stayed true to this bizarre and significant style. Though Dali died on January 23, 1989 from heart failure, his legacy continues to live on. Swans Reflecting Elephants is similar to a brain teaser, or an optical illusion, which is what Dali was aiming at when he painted this piece. At first glance, the painting seems to consist of three swans sitting on a lake. They are surrounded by leafless trees, suggesting that the painting takes place in autumn, and some cliffs, and a few stray clouds drift across the sky. Despite the washed-out appearance of the colors, it is a very serene image. However, the closer that one looks at the painting, the more of the subject matter that they can make out. While the image is clearly that of swans sitting on a lake, a second, more closer examination of the piece reveals that the swans and the trees behind them reflect elephants on the lake. The bare trees become the legs of the elephants and the swans become their trunks and bodies. The perfect placement of the trees and swans allow for this double image, essentially offering two paintings, or two stories, in one. In his Swans Reflecting Elephants, Salvador Dali wanted to show that life is not always what it seems at first glance. His use of the double image, with the swans fading so seamlessly into elephants, reveals that our perception can pick up on aspects or features of life that are not immediately recognizable. This is similar to finding constellations among a smattering of stars, or picking out images or designs in the stucco of walls. Our eyes are capable of finding more than just the original image. Furthermore, Dali gives evidence as to how simple it is to make a new image or scene out of something else. In this case, Dali, using his paranoid-critical method, found elephants among the reflections of trees and swans. If, instead of a painting, Dali went to a lake with swans and stared long enough, his mind might have come up with the same scene in his painting, the same reflections. Again, Dali is showing that there is more to this world than meets the eye, or what is immediately evident. I feel that this image is a perfect example of what it means to be an artist - finding something new among the mundanity of the world. I find Swans Reflecting Elephants to be a very intriguing painting. Without having to add additional features to the swans and trees, Dali was able to create elephants from their reflections. By not altering the original image to compensate for the double image, Dali makes this painting realistic. I feel that if someone were to set up swans perfectly on a lake beneath trees, in a fashion similar to the painting, they would accomplish this same reflection. Dali not only succeeded in painting this double image, but I believe that he was successful in accurately portraying how the human mind is capable of working. I also appreciate the fact that this is a painting that needs to be examined. While I could look at it briefly and have a vague understanding of the subject matter, this is a painting that becomes significantly more incredible the longer one inspects it and the more they take in the utilization of the double image. Salvador Dali has become a household name. Even for those who are not familiar with the majority of his works, there are quite a few that people simply know certain pieces as belonging to Dali. His style was unique, even to Surrealist standards, and Swans Reflecting Elephants is a prime example of this. Dali was able to take something as mundane as swans sitting on a lake and turn it into an astounding, thought-provoking image. In this way, Dali stood, and still stands for, what it means to be both a surrealist and an artist.

What is love Essays - 488 Words

WHAT IS LOVE? Love is a strong feeling of affection for another arising from kinship or personal ties. (2) Unselfish loyal and benevolent behavior or concern for the good of another. (3) A feeling of intense desire and attraction toward a person with whom one is disposed to make a pair; the emotion of sex and romance (Websters Dictionary). There are many different definitions of love. To each person it is different, but most agree it is one of the most important emotions to the each creature on this earth. There are also many different forms of love. For instance, love for your family versus love for a mate. It is still a mystery to most people why people do crazy things for love, or why people feel love â€Å"conquers all† Love is not just†¦show more content†¦Love is how you make another person feel when you are in their presence. Many people show or express their love for someone in many and different ways. To me love is in the actions not the words. Definitions of love go as far as Greek mythology. For example, the story of Cupid and his mortal Bride Psyche. There are many explanations on how love exactly came to mean what it does. According to John Lee there are 6 different types of love. 1. Erotic love: romantic, sexual irrational, and largely based on physical attraction. 2. Manic love: intense, all consuming, possessive, and fluctuating between joy and despair. 3. Ludic love: egoistic, self-serving, competitive, and based on an unequal relationship between one partner who is highly committed and another who is emotionally uninvolved. 4. Pragmatic love: a rational, practical, fair exchange between two carefully matched partners. 5. Storgic love: the companionate, stable love that emerges from a relationship between friends. 6. Agapic love: the altruistic devotion of one partner for the other. Many people have theories, but overall love is whatever the actual individual perceives it to be. Love is only 4 letters, but it is the most complicated emotion yet. It can make you sad, happy, and mad all at the same time. It seems love is important but many often do not see the true meaning. In my opinion love is about looking into the eyes of the person you share it with and knowing that whatever you did wrongShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Love? What It Is?1527 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Love? When asked the question â€Å"What is Love?† what are some of the first things that come to mind? Some people might say it is an emotion that we experience when we interact with the world around us. People can have love for many things such as money and other material possessions, family and friends, even the world around them. These are just a few examples of how we often use love in our lives. However, love is not only confined to our lives, it is also a very important emotion in religionsRead MoreWhat Is Love?1020 Words   |  5 Pages250 Tu/Thu 10/5/10 What is Love? Love is one of the most difficult words to define. I challenge you to try. You can even go the easy way and simply Google the word â€Å"love†. What you will find is not one but hundreds of definitions along with countless books, movies, and songs all having to do with love. The reason why it is so hard to define love is because there are different forms/stages of love and there are so many things that love can consist of. Also, love can have a different definitionRead MoreWhat is love?872 Words   |  3 PagesLove and passion is the burning sensation that drives humans to lead their lives into new horizons: following the heart hoping it will guide the way. Janie, the lead character in the book, Their Eyes Were Watching God, written by Zora Neale Hurston, is suppressed by family, and two different husband too, only to find pain and sorrow by not following her heart until she is freed by a man who loves her deeply with only one thing on his mind, to protect and love her like nobody else before. ThroughRead MoreWhat Is Love?1080 Words   |  4 PagesTwelfth Night is love. The notion of love is important to the plot as many of the characters are driven by love. There are multiple forms of love depicted throughout the play; each character represents a different type of love. Viola displays a patient, sincere, and enduring love for Orsion as well as a deep familial love for her brother. Sebastian and Antonio share a special bond which could be classified as brotherly love. These two bonds can be seen as the most real forms of love depicted in TwelfthRead MoreWhat is Love?559 Words   |  2 Pagesdictionary love is a feeling of strong affection for a person. (Merriam-Webster) In my opinion, love is a conjunction of different feelings altogether, when a person is in love they feel happy, sad, excited, and scared everything at the same time. What I am trying to say is that for me there is not real definition for love because nobody can really explain the mix of feelings that happened when one is in love. According to one of Latterell’s assumptions love conquers all, she says that, â€Å"true love willRead MoreWhat Is Love?1409 Words   |  6 Pageswaiting for his response. â€Å"I’m looking at love realistically this time around, instead of through the eyes of romantic delirium.† Julian scoffed. â€Å"You can’t fool me. Save your breath.† David was finding it harder to keep his cool. â€Å"I don’t even know the girl with whom I’m supposed to be in love. The whole thing was kind of an illusion, at least the romantic part. Cecilia was Daniel’s girl.† â€Å"That didn’t bother you this past summer—you were head over heels in love.† â€Å"Yeah, with a girl astral projectingRead MoreWhat is Love?589 Words   |  2 PagesWhat is â€Å"Love†? Love can be defined as different things. Love can be the love between brother and sister, sibling love, like Ender and Val. Love can also be the love between a boyfriend and girlfriend or a husband and wife, like Val and her husband, which the book doesn’t really talk much about, or Novinha and Libo. In strange cases, the love you should have for a girlfriend or wife but you feel that way for your sister, like Miro and Ouanda. Love is one of the weirdest feeling ever and is somethingRead MoreWhat Is Love Essay796 Words   |  4 PagesMonday Oct. 19th What is Love? According to Webster’s dictionary the word love is described as a strong, positive emotion of regard and affection. But in society today it seems as if we throw the word love around in such a loose manner it really has lost its meaning. Ranging from â€Å"I love Coach purses†, to actually telling a person â€Å"I love you† is now a common thing. Throughout this essay I’ll be taking a philosophical approach to help give a better understanding of what love is according to theRead MoreWhat Is Freedom For Love? Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Freedom to Love? Some would say that freedom to love is, having no limitations or boundaries. To see everyone equally. Many would say that freedom to love is, to give ones life for another. I agree with both statements but I would go further to say that freedom to love is not only an act or a response but it is a lifestyle. Something that defines you. Something that make you, who you are. As proud Americans, this month we celebrate the freedom that we have in this country and theRead MoreWhat is Love? Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Love? Romantic Love Is love chemical? Love cant be just pheromones, surely body chemistry changes. Although, perhaps that is why people break up after a while. Maybe they were attracted to each other at one point, but then the pheromones they were giving off change and the other person is no longer attracted to them. What is attraction based on? What attracts one person to another? People have said they have fallen in love before meeting in person, thanks to the Internet

Thomas Paine Hai Great Republic Summary - 1694 Words

Paine, Thomas. â€Å"Hail Great Republic.† PoemHunter.com, 21 Sept. 2010, www.poemhunter.com/poem/hail-great-republic/. Thomas Paine’s â€Å"Hail Great Republic† was one of the first American patriotic poem created during the revolutionary moment when the Declaration of Independence was signed. This poem, that used the tune of â€Å"Rule Britannia,† gives us evidence of early ideas when America was ready to break apart from the British tyranny rule. In this poem, he commends this country as the â€Å"land of love and liberty† and hopes the paradise to â€Å"be [there] forever.† Even after praising all its beautiful natural landscape that gives hope for the perfect utopia, he contradicts the idea of freedom as he reflects some of Europe’s ideas. In the poem, he†¦show more content†¦One day, after the carnival, Montresor invites Fortunato to his family’s vaults to taste a new barrel of Amontillado that he had recently bou ght. After Fortunato falls for his trap, he carefully guides him through the damp vaults of his house, surrounded by dead bodies, till they reach the crypt, where Montresor conducts his action. He begins to build a wall to this crypt and traps Fortunato inside, left terrified and helpless. Fortunato has a hard time believing his situation, and hope that his is all a â€Å"joke† till the end. At last, after his final plea, Fortunato stops answering Montresor, even after his own calls. Montresor believes that his â€Å"heart has been sickened† with the damp vaults as he decorated the bones on his fourth wall. In the end of the story Montresor writes that for fifty years no one has disturbed them, and may he rest in peace. A part of American gothic, this type of horror story writing was used by american authors to write about the evils of society. Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"Eldorado.† Poestories, Poestories, poestories.com/read/eldorado. The poem â€Å"El Dorado† by Edgar Allen Poe is a tale of a quest to discover the mythical city of gold in South America named El Dorado. This story is a criticism to the American gold rush which caused millions of American to obtain wealth and pursue their ‘American dream.’ In the story, â€Å"a gallant knight† spends his life finding this paradise that is nowhere to be found; this eventually causes his heartShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesNetworked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary an d Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure

The Kite Runner By Khaled Amir Essay - 1398 Words

The Kite Runner is a wonderfully written novel narrating the story of a young boy named Amir. Amir lives in the country of Afghanistan is the time period of about the 1970’s. Amir is also the son of a wealthy businessman who is considered a â€Å"man’s man†, his father was revered for his triumphs and legendary like acts; a major event in his life was when he supposedly wrestled a bear. â€Å"Lore has it my father once wrestled a black bear in Baluchistan with his bare hands. If the story had been about anyone else, it would have been dismissed as laaf, that Afghan tendency to exaggerate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Hosseini 12) Baba, as that is what Amir calls him, is very set in his ways and believes a man should act in certain ways. Unfortunately for Baba, Amir is not the manliest person. Amir does not live up to Baba’s expectations for him and he constantly disappoints him. This becomes extremely evident as the story goes on and when Amir discusses his wishes to bec ome a fiction writer. â€Å"So, if I understand, you’ll study several years to earn a degree, then you’ll get a chatti job like mine, one you could just as easily land today, on the small chance that your degree might someday help you get†¦ discovered.† He took a deep breath and sipped his tea. Grunted something about medical school, law school, and â€Å"real work.†( Hosseini 134) Baba was upset with his decision due to his stubbornness and his set ideas which make him think that any job that is based more of dreams than hard work ridiculous and due toShow MoreRelatedRedemption is a capacity that both Amir from the remarkable novel Kite Runner, written by Khaled900 Words   |  4 PagesRedemption is a capacity that both Amir from the remarkable novel Kite Runner, written by Khaled Hosseni along with Walt Kalwoski the main character of the unforgettable movie Gran Tornio, directed by Clint Eastwood, withhold. Both Walt and Amir were collided with li fe changing events that later shaped the individuals they are today. Nevertheless, throughout both stories, the protagonists are faced with opportunities to redeem themselves, often at the risk of hurting their loved ones more than theyRead MoreSymbolism Of Kite Running By Khaled Hosseini1243 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature and Composition 11 December 2015 Symbolism of Kite Running In this essay the book being discussed is, Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. Khaled Hosseini’s biography will be discussed as well as the historical influences upon him that affect the novel as a whole. The essay will contain a critical analysis as well as an analysis of the critical response to the work by others. In the novel and now a grown man, the main character Amir recalls events in his childhood that shaped the man he isRead MoreComparative Essay: the Crucible and the Kite Runner1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe Kite Runner, written by Khaled Hosseini, and The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, share many similar themes, characters, and ideas. One particular theme that is present throughout both of these written pieces is love. Defined by the Oxford Dictionary, love is a strong positive emotion of regard and affection. It can be found in moments of one’s life, through relationships, and through people. In The Kite Runner and The Crucible, one can see the similarities of love through friendship, paternalRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1313 Words   |  5 Pagesis not unique to just J.K. Rowling. Khaled Hosseini also incorporates life experiences into some of his novels. A prime example of this is The Kite Runner. The storyline of this novel reflects his past to create a journey of a young Afghanistan boy, whose name is Amir. This boy changes drastically throughout his lifetime from a close minded, considerably arrogant boy to an open hearted and minded man. This emotional and mental trip is partially based on Khaled Hosseini’s own life. Throughout Hosseini’sRead MoreKhaled Hosseini is the Man Who Makes a Difference with His Novels808 Words   |  4 Pageseven today† (Hower). Khaled Hosseini’s novels have brought many of his readers a different perspective of Afghanistan. Many people after reading Hosseini’s books start to notice this place more and have sympathy feelings rather negative views about it. Usually people believe the media’s information that conveys about Afghanistan as a poverty place but does not specify why they live in this conditions and how those states affect their everyday life. In the two novels The Kite Runner and A Thousand SplendidRead MoreEssay about Characters of The Kite Runner854 Words   |  4 PagesPublished by Riverhead Books in 2003, Khaled Hosseini wrote The Kite Runner, a powerful story of love, fear, friendship, redemption, and the reality of the cruel world we live in. In this tale, you develop a personal relationship with the characters as you feel their emotions. Khaled Hosseini brings his characters to life eloquently. The relationship between son and father, rich and poor, countryman and his country, Pashtun and Hazara, friend and brother, andRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Kite Runner1090 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis of the Kite Runner On a day to day basis, an individual is faced with an obstacle they must overcome, ultimately defining their morals and values. In the literature perspective, the novel The Kite Runner delivers multiple thematic ideas that portray the struggles of characters in their ordinary lives. Khaled Hosseini, author and physician, released his debut novel The Kite Runner in the year of 2003. This novel is written in the first person narration of Amir, a Pashtun boy that livesRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1161 Words   |  5 PagesKhaled Hosseini reveals the subject of friendship and loyalty in The Kite Runner. Khaled Hosseini advocates that in friendship, there must be loyalty, kindness, and trust. The theme of loyalty plays a tremendous role in The Kite Runner through Hassan and Amir. Amir and Hassan grow up together in Kabul, Afghanistan. Amir lives in a house with his father, Baba. Hassan and his father, Ali, live on the same piece of property as Amir and Baba bec ause Hassan and Ali are their servants. Although HassanRead MoreThe Kite Runner Symbolism Analysis753 Words   |  4 Pages2017 SYMBOLS USED IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER Symbolism is a literary device found in all mediums. Symbols are marks or words that designate the significant features in a piece of literature. They allow people to connect to the many concepts found in the literary works. The novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, showcases this notion of symbolism well. These symbols come full circle by the end of the novel as they represent pivotal moments in the close bond Amir and Hassan share. WithinRead MoreThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini883 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the situation. The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, revolves around the theme of redemption. Redemption can be used as a cure for guilt. Throughout the novel, the author shows that redemption requires some sort of sacrifice and the only way that is possible is if you can forgive yourself from the mistakes you have made in the past. Khaled Hosseini effectively portrays redemption through motifs such as rape, irony and flashbacks, symbolism, and the development of Amir throughout the story. The

Pangkor Island free essay sample

Have you ever heard Pangkor island before? If popular global destinations are generally what you look for in an overseas trip, chances are Pangkor Island in Malaysia wont make it in your itinerary list .However, there are many beautiful islands within Malaysia.Today , I would like to talk about pangkor island. Pangkor, with its charming mix of fishing settlements and resorts, is a fascinating and convenient holiday destination. It presents the visitor with a rare chance to live near fishermen and observe their lifestyle and also to simply enjoy the fine beaches and resort amenities. Pulau Pangkor is an island off the coast of Perak in north-west peninsular Malaysia, reached by ferry either from the old jetty or from Marina Island jetty both located in Lumut . It has a land area of only 8 square kilometers, and a population of approximately 25,000 islanders. It is promoted as a low-key tourist destination by the Malaysian government, but fishing, seafood and other fishing-related products remain major industries. We will write a custom essay sample on Pangkor Island or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am going to talk about the history of pangkor island. In past times; this area used to be the center for piracy. The pirates had their home ports in the Pulau Gedung Hills, Pirates Cave and Pirates Rock on the island of Pangkor. Many ships/boats were taken over and robbed of their goods and products. The Dutch were active here in the times of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). People were especially keeping themselves busy with the tin industry, until the British took over. During the British rule the name has temporarily been Monkey Island. Later the island was named Pulau Aman (Peaceful Island) before it regained the name Pangkor. The main town on the island is pangkor town, it is located on the east coast. It used to be one street town and it is still not much more. Pangkor Town is a nice place to visit as there are many great local restaurants where you can enjoy typical dishes originating from the island itself. Furthermore, Pangkor Fishing Villages is located on the east side of Pangkor Island there are three fishing villages facing the mainland: Sungai Pinang Kecil, Sungai Pinang Besar and Kampong Teluk Kecil. In fact its a long strip of villages that continues to Pangkor Town. Although the villages are small they are interesting to visit. Many of the houses are traditional and some are build in the sea on stakes. Pangkor Village is a busy little place with lots happening, particularly in the early hours of the morning when fresh produce from fishermen and from mainland are brought in for the local communitys  daily needs. There are attractions in the island, first and foremost is Fu Lin Kong temple,it is a Taoist temple that has been build at the foot of Pangkor Hill nearby the town of Sungai Pinang Besar in Pangkor island. Many Chinese tourists like to visit and pray in this temple to get the blesses from god. However, other races and foreign tourist also love this place because Fu Lin Kong is one of the popular temple in Pangkor island and its exquisite environment to take photo. Fu Lin Kong has various Buddhist statues inside the temple and many alcoves and ponds around. The unique of Fu Lin Kong is that there is a mini Great Wall Of China build beside the temple. This has reflected the magnificent view of this temple. The next temple I m going to talk is The Sri Maha Kaliaman temple is something special around the Pulau Pangkor area. This temple in the middle of a palm-oil estate is unique.The temple is dedicated to the Hindu bloodthirsty goddess Kali, also known as the dark goddess. Its a goddess of death, destruction, bad luck and grief. She is still venerated in that sense.In Malaysia you will find Kaliaman Temples in many places. The historical sites of the island is Dutch Fort and tiger rock. Just south of Pangkor Town lies Kampong Teluk Gedung. There is the old but small Dutch Fort. It was build in 1670 and used for storing tin. The Dutch used to Fort further as a stronghold against local Malays and pirates.Today only some of the foundations are left. The Dutch Fort is located at Teluk Gedung.Just located next to the Dutch Fort there is Tiger Rockï ¼Ë†Batu Bersuratï ¼â€°. It means literally the stone of inscriptions. The stone is a large granite boulder and the image of a tiger. There are many activities to do in this island such as Jungle trekking. There is a very interesting and challenging trekking to do across the island.If you like to experience a tropical rainforest and do not want to go too deep into the wild of Malaysia, this is a good introduction.The 4 hour trekking leads to Bukit Pangkor and all across the island. Chances are you find wildlife like snakes, wild boar and hornbill birds. Furthemore,there are numerous beaches on Pangkor Island.Pantai Pasir Bogak probably is the most popular beach on the island. Pantai Pasir Bogak is a few kilometers away from Pangkor Town on the West side of the island. Pasir Bogak is the largest and most popular beach on the island. Maybe it is because it is so close to Pangkor Town. The water is  shallow and crystal clear, offering endless hours of fun and frolic in the sunlit sea. There are facilities for riding banana boat, Jet ski, boating, fishing , wind-surfing,kayaking, snorkeling and scuba-diving. Next,of all the Pangkor beaches, Nipah bay Beach is the most beautiful. This beach is located a few kilometers north Pantai Pasir Bogak. The beach is secluded and is able to maintain its natural beauty. Unlike other beaches, it has corals, sea cucumber and bird lovers can find the hornbill on this beach. Nipah Bay Beach has a beautiful view on two small islands called Pulau Giam and Pulau Mentagor. Both of these islands are not inhabited although you might find locals willing to bring you there. Giam is mostly interesting for snorkeling because the waters are shallow and theres plenty of fish to see. In conclusion, Pangkor is a small island, a sleepy town .It doesnt take much time for this island to leave an impression on you theres a sense of timelessness life seems slow here. It’s quite nice to escape the busyness of the major centre of Malaysia. It takes you back in time somewhat and allows you to see locals lead a different sort of lifestyle. Its the perfect place to get away from it all, sit on the beach and just reflect on life.

Synthesis of Completed MBA Subjects

Question: Discuss about the Synthesis of Completed MBA Subjects. Answer: One of the important parts of my life was studying the MBA subjects that saw me learn a lot of noble skills in business management. Being an MBA student grants one an advantage in the business field if you have a goal of being a successful self-driven manager. One learns many ways of solving issues as they arise. Having finished my studies will reciprocate on the knowledge I gained in different fields such as; designing, improving and implementation process, leadership strategies for a changing world, marketing management and managing the value chain. Also, I will evaluate different business theories showing how they can be useful in analysis and problem-solving in businesses. Before enrolling an MBA student, I had little knowledge about designing, improving and implementing the processes. I had no idea if there were courses that would be of such great help towards the development of my management skills until I carried out a self-evaluation. As an effective manager, I will reflect m y understanding in these MBA subjects and other business models, outline the information they provide to me, the concepts that my chosen subjects share, how they come into play in different areas and many others. I have realized that the subjects that have undertaken in my study have a process that they inter-connect with each other for ones' firm or organizational management role to be a success. Designing, improving and implementing processes is a vital part that a manager should focus on. Most companies start with a universal design, then expand with time as the firms grow. The starting process design depends on the designer's experience and not the desired structure. I have noted that designing processes should be well documented for the person who is developing the model doesn't face a challenge. A poor designing process can bring about client frustrations. The designing process should follow a series of steps that leads to a solution for a certain problem. In other words, the product that a given design produces should meet clients expectations. As a manager, through my MBA studies and my role in management, it has come clear to me that one cannot evade designing process. After coming u p with an individual design, it needs to be upgraded to meet the current market situation and compete effectively. The design improvement process incorporates the creation of a team that will develop the desired quality product and services, evaluate the current design process in a chart, check what clients need, draft best practice chart, come up with the new model process chart, discuss the new design process and examines the new process. After all, these are done, as the manager, I have to recheck the proposed design, reason critically if it is suitable for the firm's goals and serves clients right. If the designing process looks promising to reliable output, I then authorize its implementation. The implementation process sees the firm improve its productivity. As the manager, I have gotten a lot of credit and positive comments from clients. For managers to be successful in their role, it is crucial for them to think critically about how they manage, the type of management styles is good for them and will function well for the team and entire organization. As a manager, I prefer adopting techniques that help me to establish a rapport, trust, respect, engage my entire team and develop good working relationships. In the current market, there are a lot of changes that are taking place every day. As a leader, I have developed strategies that have seen me integrate my power collaboration and influence others effectively as I lead the organization. My success has been due to the equal and reasonable alignment of corporate culture strategy focus and operations. I have had to source the emerging trends in the today's' market to address the strategies in the changing world. My strategies in the current changing world are; focusing on myself and the people in my surroundings, having a vision based on the organization's core values , developing a simple approach towards business management, all time communication, searching and bringing in the best people into play and above all hard work. Through this techniques, I have no hardships in coping with the changes in the world. Another important aspect that has learned is the marketing management. Marketing is an important part as it helps me to learn to be economical and maximize the returns. Market control aids in determining how effective a business competes in the industry. As a manager, I focus on the practical actions of marketing tactics within the organization to ensure that this sector coordinates well with others so as to realize ample profits. I employ different tools from the field of economy in analysing the entire industry in which the firm is operating regarding the value chain and others. I carry out an investigation to determine what costs the competitors charging their items, what products they offer, their quality and other factors. On conducting competitor analysis, I gauge myself through practicing a SWOT analysis which helps me improve on any weaknesses that I may be having. I also advocate for market research as there could be new opportunities that could not yet have been exploited f ully or at all. Through this, we can gain some competitive advantage in the market than other firms. This subject on market management has played a significant part towards my success as a manager. The value chain is another critical subject that I learned as a manager. The value chain is a process that uses raw materials, puts them through processing plants and make end products that are offered to the market. This process of coordinating these activities for proper analyzing is termed as value chain management. The main purpose of observing value chain management in an organization is to upgrade communication and improve cooperation among the production chain personnel for quality delivery, decrease inventory costs and achieve greater customer satisfaction. Value chain examines the development of the competitive advantage and comprises of activities that create and add value. As a manager, I have to make sure that the organization activities interacts well with quality products to our customers. Incorporating the value chain management with these other three subjects sees me run my activities smoothly as a manager. Leadership strategies find out what the customers need, the d esigning, improving and implementation processes looks at upgrading the products to satisfy clients requirements, marketing managements researches and analyses the market condition while value chain management undertakes the process of producing the items that will satisfy customers. As a manager, I always ensure that all these four subjects interact at the right proportions and time for smooth running and operation of an organization. When all these factors function efficiently, I experience easy time for management of activities as the profits are at the highest point. In my MBA studies, I encountered several business theories that are helpful in my managerial role. For instance, Competitive advantage theory. This is a concept that elaborates the attributes that allow a business to outdo its competitors (Barney, 2012). This theory is crucial at the national level of productivity. The nature of this theory and the source of competitive advantage differ greatly among industries (Madsen Walker, 2015). Porter highlights that there are several things that determine who gets a competitive advantage by the nations. He further claimed that a firm could achieve competitive advantage over its competitors as having a cost advantage and product difference advantage. Comparative advantage focuses on cheap labor available and natural resources (Foss Knudsen, 2013). The theory tries to maximize scale of economy in goods and services that sell at high prices. Value is of great importance when one need to gain knowledge about competitive because, with a reasonabl e value, there is the possibility of getting the competitive advantage in the product/ services in question. The comparative advantage is confused for comparative advantage sometimes (Barney, 2001). But it focuses on the exportation of primary goods and services while the competitive edge is said to be the ability gained via resources and attributes to operate at a higher level than the other competitors in the market. This theory is important to take in place as a manager. Porter also claims that the source of high returns is similar despite on the venture that on invests. To back his arguments, he came up with a theory that has five forces. These forces expound on Porters critics about profitability (Allio Fahey, 2012). He evaluated the forces within the industry and the suitable decisions process in his model. The forces that make up the model are; competitive rivalry, customer bargaining power, bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of new substitute products and services and entry of new firms in the market. Competitive rivalry determines the number of present competitors in the market and what each of them can do. Customer bargaining power examines the consumer zeal in effecting product prices and quality (Hunt Madhavaram, 2012). Suppliers bargaining power evaluates suppliers control over the product prices or services influencing profitability (Gobble, 2012). The threat of new substitutes is the force that determines customer's possibility t o shift from a firm product to that of a rival. The threat of new businesses examines the possibility of a rival to join the industry. All these force make up Porter's five forces (Ronquillo, 2012). A manager should use these forces evaluate the situation in the industry and make advanced decisions for the business. Design thinking is reasonable methods that designers take into account when creating product or services. It can also be described as the process that designers use to find ultimate solution complex issues (Jackson, 2015). Design thinking draws an imagination and critical reasoning to come up with probabilities of what should take more weight and come to conclusions that are of benefits to the final user. According to Martin, design thinking equates analysis and initiative thinking (Dorst, 2015). Designers live in strategized world in search of ideas and new information that will change the way things are done (Bjgvinsson, Ehn, Hillgren, 2012). Organizations adopt these changes depending on their make-up and structure. Design thinking is an important part that managers should put more weight on and bring in designers who will come up with new models to thrive the firm in the industry. Resource -based theory claims that having strategic resources in a firm presents the business with an outstanding opportunity to enjoy a competitive advantage over its competitors (Conner Prahalad, 1996). The competitive advantage will help the firm achieve more profits that it did before the opportunity presented itself. Resource based theory can be confused with resources when trying to understand the theory of common language. A resource in an asset that can be valued, rare, hard to be copied and not substitutable. It helps the business to capitalize on available opportunities and trend much better that its competitors (Kozlenkova, Samaha Palmatier, 2014). Opponents find it hard to duplicate a firms' resource that is hard to copy. A resource is so unique such that rivals cannot access the firms; benefits that the resources bear hence the firm enjoys all the returns alone (Davis Davis, 2017). Resource- based theory emphasizes on the advantage that outlines that whole is bigger t hat sum of its parts. Resources can be both tangible for example cash or equipment and intangible such as skills of employees. A firm should make maximum use of the resource - based theory whenever it presents itself (Seddon, 2014). When a manager combines all these theories under one firm, it is most likely that that the firm will run in the right direction and be a sole competitor in the industry. As an MBA student, having learned about the above-mentioned theories and ideas, I am now able to make informed decisions and judgments that see a business thrive well in the industry. I have gained knowledge about the models and noted that theories like the comparative advantage should be fully exploited when a firm has the opportunity because they give the firm a great advantage over all rivals in the market. Also, have known that the four subject work hand in hand with each other as they all should inter-marry for business to be prosperous in the current world. These disciplines affect my strategic decisions through granting me more knowledge and skills on critical decision making. They offer all information that a manager needs to know about the current market and opportunities the help me become an effective manager. There are numerous similarities that these subjects share in common, and there are also specific characteristics that each discipline hold. In conclusion, the MBA subjects and theories I have learned in the course of my studies have a great impact that enables me a complete manager who can run and coordinate all business activities to the desired expectations by the firm owners. They offer all that is required for one to be a resourceful person to himself and the society at large. References Allio, R.J., and Fahey, L., 2012. Joan Magretta: what executives learn from revisiting Michael Porter. Strategy Leadership, 40(2), pp.5-10. Barney, J.B., 2012. Purchasing, Supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource?based theory. Journal of supply chain management, 48(2), pp.3-6. Barney, J.B., 2001. Resource-based theories of the competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of Management, 27(6), pp.643-650. Bjgvinsson, E., Ehn, P. and Hillgren, P.A., 2012. Design things design thinking: Contemporary participatory design challenges. Design Issues, 28(3), pp.101-116. Conner, K.R., and Prahalad, C.K., 1996. A resource-based theory of the firm: Knowledge versus opportunism. Organization Science, 7(5), pp.477-501. Davis, P.J. and Davis, P.J., 2017. How HR can create a competitive advantage for the firm: Applying the principles of resource-based theory. Human Resource Management International Digest, 25(2), pp.4-6. Dorst, K., 2015. Frame Innovation; Create New Thinking by Design. Edited by Ken Friedman and Erik Stolterman, Design Thinking, Design Theory. Foss, N.J. and Knudsen, C., 2013. Towards competence theory of the firm (Vol. 2). Routledge. Hunt, S.D. and Madhavaram, S., 2012. Managerial action and resource-advantage theory: conceptual frameworks emanating from a positive theory of competition. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 27(7), pp.582-591. Grant, R.M., 1991.The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation. California management review, 33(3), pp.114-135. Jackson, S., 2015. Design thinking in argumentation theory and practice. Argumentation, 29(3), pp.243-263. Kozlenkova, I.V., Samaha, S.A. and Palmatier, R.W., 2014. Resource-based theory in the marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 42(1), pp.1-21. Lee, H., Kim, M.S., and Park, Y., 2012. An analytic network process approach to the operationalization of five forces model. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36(4), pp.1783-1795. Gobble, M.M., 2012. Innovation and strategy. Research-Technology Management, 55(3), pp.63-67. Madsen, T.L., and Walker, G., 2015. Modern competitive strategy. McGraw-Hill. Ronquillo, T.A., 2012. Analysis of competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering using porter's five competitive forces model. The Profession of Engineering Education in; Advancing Teaching, Research, Careers: 23rd Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education 2012, The (p. 875). Engineers Australia. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015. Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. (Rothaermel, 2015) Seddon, P.B., 2014. Implications for strategic IS research of the resource-based theory of the firm: A reflection. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 23(4), pp.257-269.

The Role of Stakeholders in Community Development free essay sample

Introduction Development, be it social, economic and/or environmental, has to be understood as an inherently political process of people claiming basic rights to manage the resources their lives depend on. In principle, everyone should be involved. Managing the inherent complexity requires a process of comprehensive engagement and negotiation with a broad range of stakeholders and the conscious and strategic acknowledgement of their divergent values and interests, needs and expectations. This paper emphasizes that dialogue and negotiation among stakeholders are the vehicles through which sustainable community development projects are established, implemented and monitored. Bottom-up CD programs which emanate from the grassroots level and closely involve community members are more successful than those that are developed top-down. Who is a stakeholder? There is not much disagreement on what kind of entity a stakeholder can be. The CD process consists of donors, target beneficiaries, partner agencies, government and non-governmental organizations. Bryson (1999) defines a stakeholder as ‘any person, group or organisation that can place a claim on an organization’s attention, resources or output, or is affected by that output’, which concurs with Freemans definition that: A stakeholder in an organization is (by definition) any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations objectives (1984). We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Stakeholders in Community Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, stakeholders are individuals or groups that may be positively or negatively affected by the project and those that can bring expertise or resources, each is of equal importance. How important are they? The importance of attending to stakeholders is emphasized in several literatures (Freeman 1984; Eade Williams, 1995; Hoff, 1998; Bryson 1999 etc. ). The authors explain that stakeholder support is needed to create and sustain winning coalitions and to ensure the long-term viability of organizations, policies, plans, and programs. Key stakeholders must be satisfied at least minimally, or public policies, organizations, communities, or even countries will fail. Stakeholder expectations and their satisfaction represent the basis against which CD efforts and activities are judged (Sautter, 1999). Satisfaction is achieved by being responsive to the needs and expectations of the stakeholders. These expectations are diverse and sometimes in conflict with each other, yet overlooking them could severely restrict CD work. Thus, the role of the stakeholder in the CD process presents obvious problems as each stakeholder carries an element of self-interest in the project, with different expectations and views on priorities. It is important to include stakeholders who represent the true diversity of the community; as Sautter (1999) states, if a project is not meeting the expectations of several interest groups, it probably should not exist at all. Stakeholder Engagement Any management activity is fundamentally a negotiation process between stakeholders that should be initiated from the start and maintained not only during the project/initiative but in the long term through appropriate organizational and institutional arrangements (Sanderson Kindon, 2004). CD projects engage people, organizations, NGOs and government and it is recognized that they have increased success if they promote stakeholder participation, coordination and cooperation and reflect consensus opinion (Kleemeier, 2000; Eguren, 2008). Newman (2008) and Eguren (2008) appreciate the fact that similar issues affect stakeholders differently. As such, managers need to constantly assess stakeholder significance in the light of individual issues, in order to guide the amount of time and resources allocated to them. Effective CD demands synchronous attention to the genuine interests of all appropriate stakeholders. Sautter (1999) emphasizes this premise and cautions that failure to retain participation of even a single primary stakeholder group could result in the failure. The idea of comprehensively identifying and accommodating stakeholder values and interests with the ultimate aim of agreeing on a common agenda toward sustainability is a complex process and requires consensus building (Weisbord Janoff, 2000). This does not simply mean realizing that multiple stakeholders have different needs and values, but to sincerely try to understand and respect their differences. Therefore, as Simpson et al. , (2003) state, successful intervention of projects depends not only on genuine stakeholder participation but strong and effective management, as well as skilled and committed staff. CD project workers need to have the ability to recognize and respond effectively to a disparate set of entities. Consulting with, educating and assessing stakeholder motivation is important so that their influence doesn’t potentially conflict with and undermine the project’s goals. Weisbord and Janoff (2000) emphasize that subjects involved in CD, particularly the CD organizations, must thus develop and use skills and capacities for productive multi-stakeholder collaboration. These should include: systematic thinking, cultural sensitivity, trust building and mutual understanding and developing process to build social capital and strong multi-stakeholder networks. Planners need to adapt to diverse communication styles, changing priorities and different values in a non-judgmental, non-threatening and non-defensive manner and recognize that there is more than one way, one theory, and one solution (Newman, 2008). Stakeholder Strategies: the Bottom-up Approach The ‘bottom-up’ approach posits a broad range of stakeholders actively engaged in development action: each stakeholder is different, with its own interests, missions, procedures, and ways of deploying power in development action. Recognizing the multiplicity of the subjects of development is, as many authors believe, especially crucial for improving bottom-up practice (Kleemeier, 2000; Sanderson Kindon, 2004; Newman, 2008). CD projects planned ‘top-down’ do not allow for participation of all stakeholders, namely community members. For example, Simpson et al. (2003) reports on their project: ‘the nature of the community’s participation was regulated by the government’s agenda for the project, rather than by the community’s own needs, and individuals outside the immediate steering committee consequently felt isolated from decision-making and ownership of the project. The failure of traditional top-down development approaches was attributed to the lack of involvement of most of the potential beneficiaries and led observers of, and participants in, CD to advocate for an approach that included as many stakeholders as possible. A shift in the approach to community developmen t (CD) has afforded more local communities the opportunity to participate in processes to articulate their expectations and to prioritize their needs (Ife, 1995). The premise behind this approach is that local people need to fully participate and contribute towards addressing their own problems in their own communities. It is only out of the community’s own efforts that a change can be realized, because they are better informed of their needs and are the best sources of the answers to these needs. This creates an enabling atmosphere for them and enables participation in the implementation and the monitoring of the development. The aim of community participation is the empowerment and capacity building of people, which allows beneficiaries of projects to choose their alternatives. Community participation in development initiatives leads to self-transformation and self-reliance, thereby ensuring sustainability of programs and projects. It is easy to conclude that supporting local bottom-up processes brings greater and faster impact regarding the development of marginalized communities compared with highly politicized and abstract top-down approaches. The relevance of bottom-up participatory approaches has increased as organisations work to scale up their impact by undertaking projects which aim to build capacity or have an emphasis on developing local advocacy (Kotaval; 2005; Sautter, 1999) . Participatory aspects that enhance CD projects have been identified by several authors. Laverack (2001) provides a useful overview of the ‘operational domains’ of community empowerment, which he states is central to CD. He highlights that without participation, community empowerment and thus development would not occur. Diamond (2004) refers to participatory development as the co-operation, mobilization of communities or involving communities in the execution of development plans. Moreover, this approach emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of people, partnerships, the sharing of power and responsibility and empowerment. It views the communities as people with potential as well as capacity to manage their own development and above all encourages involvement of all stakeholders relevant to the development process (Simpson et al, 2003). Healthy, self-reliant communities are, as Weisbord and Janoff (2000) assert, built on connections stimulated by the empowering of individuals and groups. The participatory, bottom-up approach allows: Understanding the context If all stakeholders are consulted, a thorough understanding of the context of the CD project is gained. Resources acquired through CD do not benefit all segments of the community equally, depending on gender, age etc. , and it is imperative that CD planners take into account the interplay of the society and local community gender dynamics, culture, and power structures to accommodate for this (Ward et al. , 2008). Creativity Diversity of stakeholders groups and demographics allows for more creativity to problem solving and focuses on the strengths of the group. They often contain the seeds for new solutions. Placing value on local knowledge and the context in which it has been produced provides an avenue for establishing the trust relations and collaboration that are the basis for a successful development partnership and process (Sanderson Kindon, 2004). Through designing a process which draws on the strengths of multiple approaches, each bringing with them their own advantages and constraints in these ways, the final result is likely to be much richer. Relationship and Trust Building Involving all stakeholders allows them to communicate and build beneficial relationships and trust. Social capital theory suggests that people achieve more by cooperating, thus stakeholder engagement is a major catalyst for the creation of social capacity and capital. Putnam (1993) suggests that social capital is built through the trust we develop by working together and Cox (1995) talks about the necessity of trust in order for collaboration to occur as â€Å"trust leads to cooperation†. These relationships create a learning space, particularly for polarized dialogue, and exposes and challenges the discourses and mindsets of many participants. Empowerment and Capacity Building Bottom-up approaches are more socially inclusive, build on local strengths, and promote leadership, as well as ownership and accountability, of both problems and solutions (Simpson et al. , 2003). This leads to empowerment and builds capacity which enables the community to carry out the plan in the absence of the consultant, ensuring sustainability (Laverack, 2001). Stakeholders in contest – Limitations to the Bottom-up Approach The relationship between CD projects and providers, namely NGO’s, and their donors, illustrates the way in which stakeholder’s interests can conflict and jeopardise the bottom-up process. The structures and major players operating within the development arena were traditionally formed as a top-down system. However, the transformed focus of development toward a bottom-up approach has come into tension with this top-down structure; participation from the bottom-up is difficult when projects are planned at higher levels (Simpson et al. , 2003). As the general structure of development actions has historically been established as top-down, it is no surprise that top-down notions continue to be reflected in practice. CD providers usually come under pressure to achieve the goals of their donors (who usually work according to Western business principles) and are required to maintain appropriate upward accountability. However, as Simpson et al. (2003) point out, the recipient organisations and communities may not necessarily have the same goals as the donors. Thus, those projects heavily dependent on meeting the requirements of their donors probably won’t develop good relationships with, or meet the requirements of, the communities involved, which will undermine the CD process itself. The power imbalance between â€Å"funders† and â€Å"providers† of CD projects has been identified as a significant problem as it is likely that CD planners will be pressured to implement programs out of step with local needs (Davies, 1997). More consultation with and education of donors by their recipients is required to allow donors to better understand the nature of their project and their relationships with communities (Davies, 1997). CD providers must develop the capacity and professionalism to be able to challenge their donors to construct their CD project in such a way that the interests of the recipient communities are at the forefront and have a more active role in defining their own concepts of civil society (Weisbord and Janoff, 2000). Flexibility within the project that allows incorporation of feedback from participatory evaluation needs to complement ongoing work, linking its aims nd methods to that of the original project, including deep consideration of the power relations of all those involved in the project. It is only through this openness, and an ability to challenge a program of work and integrate learning directly into practice, that stakeholder interests will be balanced effectively over the long-term. Conclusion CD is a mediation process between real and perceived conflicts of interest among stakeholders in a community. Tensions among development stakeholders exist inherently alongside the commo n desire to improve the well-being of disadvantaged people. There is a broad range of stakeholders actively engaged in development action: each stakeholder is different, with its own interests, missions, procedures, and ways of deploying power in development action, their values, interests, participation and power dynamics are critical factors in determining the outcome of CD. It is therefore vital to consider them, not just in the planning phases of projects, but through its entire course, to ensure projects remain relevant and coherent to the context in which they are being implemented (Simpson et al. 2003). However, connections and interactions among stakeholders are dynamic and inherently problematic, and must be recognized and negotiated to enable existing understandings and ways of working to be challenged and new ways to be trialed and adopted (Quarles van Ufford ,1993). Accommodating collective action through participative, bottom-up approaches acknowledges the complexity of stakeholder interactions and creates a platform for communities to develop. References Bryson, J. M. (1999). A Strategic Planning Process for Public and Non-Profit Organisations. in J. M.